The process typically involves site preparation, foundation, framing, roofing, plumbing, electrical, interior and exterior finishes, and final inspections.

Common types include residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure construction.

Challenges include managing tight schedules, coordinating subcontractors, and dealing with unexpected changes or delays. Strategies include thorough planning, clear communication, proactive risk management, and contingency planning.

Key elements include columns, beams, walls, and foundations, each serving a distinct yet interrelated function in supporting the weight of the structure and resisting external forces.

While both aim to improve safety, risk assessments identify hazards and suggest control measures, while method statements detail how, when, and why to implement those measures.

Road maintenance infrastructure is funded from the national appropriation (budget).

The Federal Government spends more on new roads and bridges.

The Federal Ministry of Works, in collaboration with designated consultants, designs federal roads and bridges, and reputable contractors construct them.

The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) is the Federal Government agency concerned with road construction, improvement, and connectivity between states.

Common materials include bitumen and asphalt, concrete, sand, gravel, crushed stone, and geosynthetics.

Road construction involves various phases, including site preparation, excavation, base layer construction, and paving.